This report contains suggested dry kiln schedules for over 500 commercial woods, both temperate and tropical. This problem is magnified if the lumber is thin or flatsawn. Insulation for walls and ceilings should be a minimum of R13. They are easy to use and give you precision control over your drying. With a well-designed dehumidification kiln, hardwood lumber can be dried for mere pennies per board foot. Sears Canada 70 Pint Dehumidifier. Made in China, it exudes the classic style of Asian and Chinese cultures, featuring a unique shape that sets it apart from traditional jars. The approach described in the article where you try to keep the water leaving at a steady rate is fine. The DH is not needed at this time, as the lumber is already bone-dry. Dehumidification Opportunities for Dehumidification Drying Of Hardwood Lumber Dimension Kiln Drying Hardwood Dimension Parts Discoloration Preventing Discolorations in Hardwood and Softwood Logs . Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. - Model L300, L500, L1200-S Series - Medium Dehumidification Dry. To accommodate the floor insulation, blocking between joists is oriented horizontally instead of the normal vertical position. Low temperatures can be used for an extra safety margin on greener lumber. I'd like to know for my own curiosity, as well as to be able to generate SDR schedules for other species not given in the American Woodworker article, like the 6 foot long 24" wide slabs of 8/4 madrone I got this summer. 7. I use a Rockler steam generator, item #42826 (www.rockler.com). The problems with solar kilns include limited control over temperature and limited solar exposure, depending on your region and site location. In addition, weight on top of the stack can be helpful, but nothing replaces baffles for the best lumber yield. I know your kiln is absolutely tight and perfectly sealed, but it has to vent some or it would overheat. I guess I am thinking that while I am seeing the wood's MC and the kiln's RH drop smoothly, the fact that the temperature jumps around a bit may mean that the drying rates are hard to control, hence my loss of horse chestnut. End baffles are also a good idea to prevent airflow from bypassing the stack entirely. In this paper, the effective schedules were further investigated for longer culm parts treated with boron. For a single-stack kiln I recommend a minimum shed size of 8 x 12. Difficult-to-dry species might not exceed 60 C (140 F). A discussion of how to apply "safe drying rate" calibrations with a home-built dehumidifying kiln. For DH kilns, use the same RH, but lower the temperature to the typical operating temperature for the compressor; raise temperature to steam values when convenient and possible. Initially, I set the DH to 40% RH, because I dont want to remove moisture too quickly. Once the flooring deck is constructed, think about sealing the shed framing at every opportunity. Then align each subsequent layer of stickers over the last. Nyle. In time schedules, dry- and wet . When the operating conditions of this option are followed the material will meet the requirements of being kiln dried (KD) and heat treated . Wood-Mizer dehumidification and solar wood kilns range from 300 to 35,000 board feet capacity for drying lumber. Most species of hardwood lumber can be safely dried this way, once the moisture content is 20% to 25% or less. This serves a dual purpose of supporting the rigid foam insulation as well as stiffening the floor framing. I prefer to empty the water tray manually and record the volume of water collected. in the kiln to dry specific wood products at a satisfactory rate without causing objectionable drying defects. I either use some cedar 3" x 5", or 4" x 4" stock. /Height 2587 The stickers are uniform in size and usually 3/4 or 1 square. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS If you intend to kiln dry lumber from a green state, right off the sawmill, you will need to be well-versed in airflow rates and follow a detailed drying schedule. HWn8gXA N,[mKJr2"Ec9,t My kiln uses four ceiling-mounted fans, each rated for 1,600 CFM. However, the natural light and ventilation offered by a small window outweighs any disadvantages. My shed kiln was stick-built from standard building material, and sized to take advantage of typical 4 x 8 sheet goods. Many regions have increased the shed and outbuilding maximum allowable size without need for a permit. Without baffles, the top layers of lumber experience "potato chipping" with cupping, twisting or warping. (Dry Kiln Operator's Manual. Schedules Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods This problem is magnified if the lumber is thin or flatsawn. /Filter /JBIG2Decode noun. Installing a window in a kiln may seem counterintuitive at first, because windows lose more heat than an insulated wall. A free BASIC program to convert the designations into actual temperatures and humidities is available from the author. The lumber was then measured for crook, bow, and twist. 0 3. Basically, you dont want all of the air rushing out under the stack, so find a way to redirect it. Select a heater with an adjustable thermostat and a tip-over shutoff. With each load I did not have the initial relative humidity rate. _0e`bd\ p@ Dehumidification Kilns Kiln Systems. The baffles direct airflow over and through the stack and prevent the top layers from drying too quickly. A heavy-duty 1,500-watt space heater works fine. For these items, please call the store where you purchased them or our customer service department at 1-800-376-7856 so we can assist you. the Dry Kiln Operator's Manual (Simpson, 1991). My kiln uses four ceiling-mounted fans, each rated for 1,600 CFM. Also, you can't really control well by measuring the collected water because some of the water leaks out with vented or leaking air. The kiln humidity can be expressed as an EMC, relative humidity, or wet-bulb temperature. 2. A.gov website belongs to an official government The starter blocks should be as long as the stack is wide. The second temperature value is written for the 25 to 30% MC class; the third for the 20 to 25% MC class; and so on. The dry kiln operator is fully in control, with the ability to make changes as the dry kiln schedule is executing. Heat comes primarily from an integral dehumidification unit that also removes . Apply foil tape to the edges of the main baffles to help protect the Styrofoam. For 4/4 hard maple, with an initial temperature of 90F and an initial relative humidity of 81%, the SDR was given as .0061 pints per hour per board foot. Culm parts with 2.0 and 2.2 m length after pressure treatment were dried in industrial kilns using three schedules with mild, severe and highly severe drying intensity. (I use the Mini-Ligno MD/C from Lignomat, www.lignomatusa.com.) This helps keep the lumber straight during the drying cycle; in fact, improper placement of stickers can permanently deform lumber. << My kiln schedule starts with running all fans and the dehumidifier for two days, measuring and removing water as it accumulates. I'm thinking I could vent it manually, but with the RH so high externally I am not sure if that is the right thing to do. John Baines Reply to Dann Barry 1 year ago The second most common type of drying is called dehumidification drying. If you intend to kiln dry lumber from a green state, right off the sawmill, you will need to be well-versed in airflow rates and follow a detailed drying schedule. Inexpensive Dehumidification KilnIn this video we'll build and load a 14' long 4' by 4' wood kiln that dries wood by heat and dehumidification.We had quite a. Kiln drying is usually preceded by air drying to bring the moisture content of the wood down below 30%. I recently picked up a back issue of American Woodworker, #94 June 2002, that has a good article on constructing a simple DH kiln. The kiln process involves the drying of wood in a chamber where air circulation, relative humidity and temperature can be controlled so that the moisture content of wood can be reduced to a target . Also check that air isnt escaping around the side baffles or under the stack of lumber. My number one priority was to build a kiln that was easy to load and easy to monitor. Dehumidification kiln schedules 145 Sterilizing, equalizing, and conditioning treatments 145 Sterilizing treatments 145 Mold 145 Fungal stain and decay 146 . Should a Moulding Mill Bring Sawmill Operations In-House? A dehumidification kiln makes sense particularly when the lumber is air-dried first. However, if you kiln dry hardwood lumber that has already been air dried, the process is much more forgiving. Dehumidification: This kiln-drying process requires the use of a heat pump system to remove water from the wood. Soon the DH won't show much water collected in the tray. Phytosanitary heat treatments of Ceratocystis lukuohia and Ceratocystis huliohia-colonized Metrosideros polymorpha wood were evaluated using kilns. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. The store will not work correctly in the case when cookies are disabled. Abstract. I prefer to empty the water tray manually and record the volume of water collected. It should be double-pane, well-insulated with low emissivity (low-E). For all kiln drying schedules, a heater should be used to sterilize the lumber and kill any insects that may be present. In smaller kilns, the heat generated by the fans and DH motor is sufficient to maintain temperatures in excess of 100 degrees. Although I can maintain the 90 degree temperature, I could not start at the recommended humidity level unless I added humidity. 0000000591 00000 n I then manually rotate the fan boxes halfway through the drying cycle. Go to the second number designation (the wet-bulb depression designation) and find the corresponding depressions in the table below. Ideally, a lumber kiln would be large enough to dry multiple stacks of lumber. the hardwood kiln schedule is the equalization of the moisture content of all boards at 6-8%. Wood drying (also seasoning lumber or wood seasoning) reduces the moisture content of wood before its use. Changing the position of the doorway in various kiln setups helps provide the best access to the stacks of lumber. In addition, wood can be dried by special methods that include solar drying (use of greenhouse-type dryers or those equipped with solar collectors . Staff. Saving money by drying your lumber may not be the answer for every woodworker, but the basics shown here demonstrate that it is within the reach and skills of the average person. If required, look-up and write down the RH (sixth column) and EMC (seventh column) for each schedule step. Wood Drying/ Seasoning. Low Temperature Kiln Drying Systems (120F) 300BF - 4000BF Capacity . Anyway, I included my log of a load I did in Nov '06 for everyone's amusement. Once the core readings are 6% to 8% on a fresh cut, the lumber is dry and ready for sterilization. Air speed of 350 feet per minute is appropriate for common hardwoods such as oak and maple. Add to my manuals. (116 C) temperature. Built properly, a shed kiln may even increase the value of a property. 0000001208 00000 n A dry kiln needs to be operated when it is filled with lumber and forces airflow through the tiers of lumber instead of around the ends or over the top of the stack(s). The baffles do not need insulating properties, and plywood would work just as well. Wood poles subjected to a 22- to 34-day dehumidification kiln schedule with a heat treatment to 60C to the poles' core. I can show you the kiln schedules and data. . Among dimension lumber, the 2- by 4-inch size is typically the most susceptible to warp for a variety of reasons. So, with that lengthy introduction, here is my question. Main thing is to not rush drying in first stages, as this will cause problems. Only the fans need electricity. . Over 40 years experience building kilns. Every Nyle Dehumidification Dry Kiln System Example: If the WBT falls below the set parameter measures and regulates internal kiln conditions the system will turn on the spray system. Please refer to Appendix A which shows the Lumber Dry Kiln Bill of Materials. After seven to 10 days, I reverse the fan direction to make sure all stacks of lumber dry evenly. Attic fans are a perfect way to provide airflow over the stacks of lumber. Additionally, a 12 air plenum is required between the walls and stacks of lumber. For a kiln temperature of 140 F, sterilization takes three to five hours. 6 0 obj I find that unplugging the DH is helpful during the sterilization phase so I can add a second heater, without overwhelming my electrical circuit. After two days operating only the fans and DH, I take note of the temperature. If MC readings still arent at the desired range, the heat may need to be increased for the remainder of the drying cycle. I have constructed a kiln using these plans. The T-bars are made from 1/2 galvanized pipe and are attached to the rafters with threaded pipe flanges. Place the sample board in the lumber stack in a location where it will dry at the same rate as the rest of the lumber in the dryer (see Figure C). H6`2}s=n:l)CR>/"\ Dehumidification drying system. Would adding humidity at the start, bringing the initial relative humidity rate to 87% as suggested in the table, result in better product or faster drying? A lazy Susan with 180 detents mounts the fan box to the ceiling. I dont think the same could be said for an old reefer truck converted into a kiln (no matter how well it dries lumber). Once all the lumber is stacked and stickered, place baffles over the lumber. Sticker spacing can be increased to 24" apart for 5/4 or thicker hardwood. You could use the dehumidifier to dry wood but it would not be part of a "kiln." Just be a different process. This shed will be essentially unheated for much of the year and very hot during the kiln-drying cycles. If severe enough, the lumber can develop honeycomb cracks throughout. Consider not only the space for the lumber stacks, but extra floor space to easily load and monitor the charge of lumber. The column on the right I added part way through is the kiln's internal RH. To hang the baffles, simply attach hooks to the plywood frame. The order was 540 board feet (BF) of 5/4 white oak. Once the lumber is sterilized, it is ready for the conditioning phase. There are many types of kilns, but the most common are dehumidification kilns and conventional kilns. Also, today, we are often kiln drying No.2 Common lumber which requires a milder schedule than upper grades; in the 1950s, seldom was this lower grade lumber kiln dried.) trailer << /Size 918 /Info 891 0 R /Root 907 0 R /Prev 482770 /ID[<67858f68421814977b05bc7913f6cc23><4073af979fbabe8f1c016146fd1c21ef>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 907 0 obj << /Pages 902 0 R /Type /Catalog /DefaultGray 903 0 R /DefaultRGB 904 0 R /Metadata 905 0 R >> endobj 916 0 obj << /S 499 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 917 0 R >> stream Dehumidification Kiln Drying. This gives me a secondary method of tracking the drying process, using both water volume and moisture content (MC) readings. Another common sticker size is 1" x 2", and these work fine as well. The kiln schedule information in the tables below has been assembled from many different sources, including drying texts and industrial contacts. Rep. FPL-GTR-57. To hang the baffles, simply attach hooks to the plywood frame. This is because it needs to be dried to a lower moisture content than wood will air dry to outdoors. I often buy from sawyers or homeowners at 40% to 50% of retail price. All of these products were purchased at a local home center, except the remote hygrometer/thermometer which was purchased at a local electronics store. Staggering the seams between the sheathing and siding layers helps avoid air infiltration. With a 130 F kiln temperature, sterilization will take 10 to 12 hours (Dry Kiln Operators Manual, 1991). noun: kiln; plural noun: kilns. In addition, weight on top of the stack can be helpful, but nothing replaces baffles for the best lumber yield. Basically the idea seems to be to maintain a constant temperature, and to keep lowering the humidistat to maintain the SDR until the moisture content gets to the desired level. Featuring lower cost drying at speeds equal to gas & steam, these kilns are continuously exceeding industry standards and changing the game. Be sure that all of the kiln equipment is working prop-erly before lumber is loaded into the kiln. I don't remember how the air flow was arranged in the kiln in the magazine, but it sounds like that could be a problem for you. kiln/. Consider the weight of the lumber that will be placed in the structure and fortify the building accordingly. Make sure the total amp draw is well within the limit of your electrical circuit. End baffles are also a good idea to prevent airflow from bypassing the stack entirely. Omitting the sterilization phase can lead to costly losses from insect damage, so don't skip it. 0000006274 00000 n I use a Rockler steam generator. The kiln operator sets the kiln controls based on the initial moisture of the lumber as it is loaded into the kiln. A 1.5-kW dehumidifier was installed in the solar dryer to determine the performance of a combined solar-dehumidification dryer. Regardless of size, allow for a 36 door that opens to a hallway of open space. However, if you kiln dry hardwood lumber that has already been air dried, the process is much more forgiving. If the interior volume of a kiln becomes too large, basic heaters and home dehumidifiers may be inadequate to control the kiln environment. Also, since heat rises, ceiling-mounted fans have the added benefit of circulating the warmest air over the lumber. The schedules can also be formulated manually as follows. Insulate the floor with 2 rigid foam for convenience and durability. I am using a household . It is a meaningless exercise to try to convert those schedules for the kiln you built. 0000004213 00000 n So, if you have 100 bf in the kiln, every 12 hours you would extract (12 hours *100bf * .0061 SDR) = 7.3 pints of water. endstream endobj startxref JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Official websites use .gov Place a 16 board on the floor behind the stack, tilted to a 45 angle. This listing incorporates current market requirements for the various species, as well as the current quality of the lumber resource itself. Share. I also wrapped the shed with Tyvek HomeWrap. During the conditioning process, the only equipment operating are the fans, heater and the steam generator no dehumidifier. Understand how kiln performance must be modified to permit the use of custom schedules for specific product applications; Be able to modify existing conventional kiln schedules to dry products in dehumidifier kilns; Recognize degrades common to various species, including hardwoods, and modify handling practices to minimize these Also, for that approach to work, the chamber needs to be air tight. Kiln dried wood typically sells for a third more than green lumber and eliminates the need for . January 27, 2007. The company's small kilns can be configured for drying lumber, firewood, or heat-treating lumber or wood packaging. This fact sheet summarizes the basics of kiln drying wood, the most commonly used methods, drying schedules and some drying defects. Dont even think of powering your kiln with an extension cord. If you cannot find exact match, look at SG of same family species. They are based on different air flow rates, etc. I like these starter blocks to raise the lumber a few inches off the floor. Do not know just how the end point of moisture would compare. Size and placement of the access door are critical as well. 6. /Width 1628 For all kiln drying schedules, a heater should be used to sterilize the lumber and kill any insects that may be present. Taking moisture away at the rate the board will "safely" part with it . In the majority of cases, the drying schedules are from the world literature, with emphasis on U.S., Canadian, and British publications. Ciencia y Tecnologia, Duygu Kocaefe, Ayhan Aytin, The Bolivian secondary forest products industry has experienced substantial growth during the last 10 years. The thinner the stock, the more critical sticker placement becomes. An anemometer confirms that your effort constructing baffles was worthwhile. You won't ever have the fastest kiln in town, but it can still work. In this research, a drying restraint system was evaluated as a means of warp reduction in 8- and 16-foot-long SYP lumber. A kiln schedule is a set of temperatures and humidities that are used during kiln operation. Frequently, the lumber has already air-dried for several years in a barn or outbuilding. In larger kilns, the heater may be needed in the latter part of the drying cycle. The first load was started with 60% and this load was started with 78%. I made a simple frame from plywood strips and attached theinsulation sheets to them with screws and fender washers. Additionally, I have been underwhelmed by the performance of solar-operated fans. Remove samples from the stack, and cut an inch or two off one end. %PDF-1.5 By. Table 1 shows a typical drying schedule for sugar maple. Ignoring for a moment the merits of a homebrew DH kiln versus a Nyle, I was curious to see that rather than referencing the standard kiln schedules (e.g. November 1, 2020. , , o* j=d Each layer adds approximately .81 R value. A shed kiln has minimal venting (usually one or two gable vents) and sealed soffits. My question focuses on the initial relative humidity featured in the Safe Drying Rate table. Commercial scale steam kilns consume large amounts of energy. USDA, 1991) . Select a heater with an adjustable thermostat and a tip-over shutoff. Difficult-to-dry species might not exceed 140 degrees F. Dehumidification kilns are very . I find that unplugging the DH is helpful during the sterilization phase so I can add a second heater, without overwhelming my electrical circuit. By setting the relative humidity (RH) on the dehumidifier, you can control how often it runs. If the temperature is below this range, I start the heater and adjust the thermostat accordingly. Once all the lumber is stacked and stickered, place baffles over the lumber. Particularly, important investment has taken place in lumber drying capacity. Know how to choose and apply the correct schedule for the lumber. Using a Kiln Schedule Our approach was to build and operate a small dehumidification dry kiln. The water tray can be removed and emptied manually, or a hole can be drilled through the wall of the shed to pass a drain tube. If the fans and dehumidifer generate enough heat to maintain a temperature of 100 to 120 F, then I won't use the auxiliary heater. In a professional DH kiln, the final climate for oak is 120F and <40>t over-dry it at that rate. Y}-m+'@DQ4\h8GP]y@ yL. 10. If it isn't overheating, it is leaking. For more capacity, consider a two stack kiln (12 x 12), or a three-stack kiln (12 x 16). Loading the kiln begins by rousing my sons and letting them know Ive planned a day of work. Different species should not be loaded simultaneously into the kiln due to often differing kiln schedules. For end baffles, I use 2-thick rigid foam insulation screwed to the main baffles. If the fans and dehumidifer generate enough heat to maintain a temperature of 100 to 120 F, then I wont use the auxiliary heater. There are two main reasons for drying wood: Woodworking When wood is used as a construction material, whether as a structural support in a building . This publication outlines the basic construction of a small scale dehumidification dry kiln. Apply foil tape to the edges of the main baffles to help protect the Styrofoam. Evaluation of kiln-drying schedules for wild cherry wood (Cerasus avium), Model to assess energy consumption in industrial lumber kilns, Mathematical modelling and experimental investigation of dehumidifier drying of radiata pine timber, A survey of Bolivian lumber drying operations, Warp reduction of SYP lumber by restrained drying, Western Juniper Drying Project Summaries, 1993-96, Vacuum contact drying kinetics of Jack pine wood and its influence on mechanical properties: industrial applications, Kiln drying behavior of lumber from ten fast-growth plantation species in Costa Rica, Effect of fire-retardant treatment and redrying on the mechanical properties of Douglas-fir and aspen plywood, Properties of Douglas-Fir and Aspen Plywood, A numerical study on the influence of the bond-line diffusivity on moisture-related stresses and deformations of three-layered spruce cross-laminates, Error in Estimates of the Moisture Content of White Oak Kiln Sample Boards, Green Kerfing Treatment for Improving Softwood Lumber Drying: A Review, A comparison of kiln-drying schedules and quality outcomes for 4/4-thickness black cherry lumber sawn from small-diameter logs, A comparison of kiln-drying schedules and quality outcomes in 4/4-thickness black cherry lumber sawn from small-diameter logs, Data bank for short-length red oak lumber, Hardwood lumber widths and grades used by the furniture and cabinet industries: Results of a 14-mill survey, Lumber and veneer recovery from intensively managed young-growth Douglas-fir, WOOD-FRAME HOUSE CONSTRUCTION U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST SERVICBAGRICULTURE HANDBOOK NO. Khmer Kiln: quite similar to the Anagama kiln however, traditional Khmer Kilns had a flat roof. In contrast, a dehumidification kiln uses a sealed chamber, with only enough energy input to maintain the desired temperature. Typical dehumidification kiln (FPL 1999 p. 12-10). Most species of hardwood lumber can be safely dried this way, once the moisture content is 20% to 25% or less. The schedules are all moisture content based, using the moisture content of the wettest half of the kiln samples. This returns some moisture to the very dry exterior of the lumber, while not affecting the core moisture level. Question Subtract the wet-bulb depression from the dry-bulb temperatures for each schedule step and enter the value in the fifth column. The air flow rate through your stacks should be about 350FPM. Choosing a Kiln Schedule Temperatures inside the kiln range from 120 to 190 degrees F, depending on the stage of . The remaining width allows for a 36-wide door and space for your drying equipment. At the end of the cycle I have the opposite problem. Also check that air isnt escaping around the side baffles or under the stack of lumber. I've been drying hardwood lumber in this Sauno dehumidification kiln for 4 years with excellent results. /BitsPerComponent 1 T8-C3 or similar for hard maple), the article instead provided a table showing the "safe drying rates" (SDR) for a number of species. 158 p. Dry kiln schedules for commercial woods : temperate and tropical. The kiln climate is controlled by venting the hot air and replacing it with ambient air. My aim was to develop a small dehumidification kiln for better control of the three key components of lumber drying: temperature, airflow and humidity. Usually, you need anywhere between five to eight kiln schedules to complete the process. The delicate blue and white color scheme c I found that brackets for mounting rigid metal electrical conduit work best. Looking at the cost-benefit analysis of a shed kiln can be enlightening. Although dehumidification kilns are slower than conventional kilns for drying, the lower drying temperature has the reported advantage of less degrade and less shrinkage. 4. A household dehumidifier (DH) removes moisture from the kiln chamber. The water tray can be removed and emptied manually, or a hole can be drilled through the wall of the shed to pass a drain tube. To condition the lumber, I introduce steam into the kiln for about two hours. This allows for a more gentle kiln schedule to fully dry the timber. If MC readings still arent at the desired range, the heat may need to be increased for the remainder of the drying cycle. I recommend a 2 x 3 sliding window with bug screen. This returns some moisture to the very dry exterior of the lumber, while not affecting the core moisture level. If the temperature is below this range, I start the heater and adjust the thermostat accordingly. After a short period of grumbling, they join me to lay down wood blocks for the first layer of lumber. hb```[@9p(T-3jO:g)@S 4Y]g7l\V!c!$Bf J B@&xcEz8PH@ZHs1/X$qOq,x'x$0.rWg*d XAT10 );9 A lower RH setting will call for the DH to run more often. In larger kilns, the heater may be needed in the latter part of the drying cycle. In-service replacement of warped 2 by 4's as wall studs or truss members is costly. Reweigh and obtain the oven dry weight. Dehumidification Kiln. 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